Kōura - Māori and Gold

The goldrushes

In 1857 there were 1,300 Pakeha and 600 Māori digging in the Aorere district, New Zealand's first real goldrush. The influx had a profound effect on tangata whenua as tikanga¹ obliged them to welcome, with appropriate ceremony and hospitality, all relatives and manuhiri, severely challenging Tamati Pirimona Marino and his people at Aorere.

Murray, J P fl 1880s-1890s: Mahakapawa Camp. 1888, Alexander Turnbull Library, G-561
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Māori miners were very successful, with records of four taking 130oz (ounces), three leaving for Wellington with 60oz (three weeks work), and five taking 200oz to Nelson. Māori accessed more remote fields by river canoes and employed innovative mining methods. Hohepa Tamaihengia, hoping for a better gold price, built "... a beautifully modeled whale boat, about 30 feet long" at the Quartz Ranges, which his party sailed down the river and on to Wellington.²

A rush at Anatoki, a tributary of the Tākaka River, caused racial tension. Tākaka chief, Te Meihana, staked most available claims and shepherded them for relatives and friends, telling Europeans none were left for them. A meeting was held at the Tākaka Inn in October 1857 to resolve the dispute. Six regulations were approved by both Māori and Pakeha, including rules about shepherding and unworked claims.

When gold was discovered in January 1862 on their own land at Te Tai Tapu (Westhaven), the chiefs advertised claims, charging every miner one pound per annum. However, Māori control of the goldfields at Te Tai Tapu was short-lived; within six years, Proclamations and legislation wrested administration from the Māori owners and transferred it to the Nelson Provincial Government and the Crown.

Te Tau Ihu Māori were prominent on the Buller goldfields. In June 1861, the Marlborough Press reported "the total quantity of gold brought up to Collingwood, procured in three weeks by five natives, has been 52oz, which they obtained chiefly by fossicking with their knives". ³ The rush was on, first to Waimangaroa, about 15 km north of Westport, and then to Lyell, probably in November 1862.

Crawford, James Coutts, 1817-1889 : Deep Creek, Havelock [1864]. [London, 1880], Alexander Turnbull Library, PUBL-0085-261
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Māori were again very successful miners, with one wahine reported to have extracted 1lb in a day, "Big Benny" finding a 25oz nugget, and a party of six obtaining a 59oz nugget at the Lyell.

Māori established a monopoly on river transport from Westport to Lyell (about 50-60 km of strong currents, rapids, eddies, whirlpools, falls, rocks and snags). "... The canoes, which always ascend in company, say eight or ten at a time, are worked by natives, and will carry, according to their size, from ten or twelve cwt. up to two tons occupying about three days in the passage. The charge for a passage up the river is 2 Pounds per man'.⁴

An exciting trip down-river could be made in hours. Māori rented Native Reserve land to storekeepers, and Collingwood chief Marino, hosted "... a large dinner to all hands, both white and Maoris ... sucking pig, fowl, beef, plum pudding, fruit pies and tarts of several descriptions ..." for Christmas 1862.⁵

Māori were similarly active participants in the later rushes to Wakamarina (near Havelock) in 1864, and the Mahakipawa, Cullensville and Waikakaho Goldfields of the late 1880s.

Māori earned considerable income from goldmining and ancillary services, but whanau and communal lifestyle was seriously disrupted by long male absence at the goldfields. Alcohol consumption became a common practice, and cultivations were often neglected.

2008 

Updated April 2020

Story by: Hilary and John Mitchell

Gold Mining