Pā and Kāinga

Ancient pa (fortified settlements) and kainga (villages) scatter Te Tau Ihu o Waka. European settlers certainly did not arrive in a "barren social and cultural landscape…"

Ancient pā and kāinga are scattered across Te Tau Ihu o Waka. European settlers certainly did not arrive in a "barren social and cultural landscape..."1

Webber, John, ca 1750-1793 :The inside of a hippah in New Zealand. Alexander Turnbull Library, B-098-023 [possibly on Motuara Island]
Click on image to enlarge

Māori lived communally, usually in kāinga or in fortified pā. In more settled times communities lived close to cultivations, tauranga waka, water supply, and food and other resources (in rivers, estuaries, forests and the sea). When their security was threatened they resorted to pā, on sites chosen for their view of the surrounding countryside and/or sea, their defensibility, and their strategic value. Access to food, water, and waka transport was still important, but adaptations, such as storage pits for food and waka hulls to collect water, could be made.

There were various reasons why pā or kāinga could be left to decay. Habitations taken in battle might be occupied by the victors, or they could be left deserted and a new settlement created some distance away. A whole village could be abandoned and declared tapu on the death of a chief of high mana, and some actions or events warranted the burning of houses. Long-abandoned ancient pa sites are still known through oral tradition and archaeology.

A strong characteristic of traditional Māori lifestyle was its mobility. Whole communities would move for harvests at certain times of the year, for fishing and hunting seasons, for planting crops (sometimes at a better location), for whānau or political reasons, and, of course, because of conflict or scarce resources. The customary practice of whakarahi  to maintain ahi-kā-roa , and to confirm tribal dominance of territories, was expressed through this itinerant lifestyle.

As European visitors arrived, and whalers took up at least seasonal residence, Māori often shifted to be close to trading opportunities. The missionary base of Rev. Samuel Ironside at Ngakuta, Port Underwood, influenced residential patterns, and the great influx of New Zealand Company settlers from 1842 caused further moves, so that Māori could take advantage of the new economy.

At the time of European settlement, major Māori communities of Ngāti Toa, Ngāti Rarua, Te Ātiawa, Ngāti Koata and Ngāti Tama were recorded at:

There were also small groups of Kurahaupo people at Waihopai, Kaituna, Pelorus and near Wakefield. Rangitāne lived with Ngāti Toa and Ngāti Rarua at the Wairau.

Many of these locations were set aside as Occupation Reserves for the inhabitants when land was purchased by the New Zealand Company or the Crown.

2008 

Updated April 2020

Story by: John and Hilary Mitchell

Pa Kainga Maori Fort Settlement Village

Sources

  1. Mitchell, H&J (2007) Te Tau Ihu o Te Waka: A History of Maori of Nelson and Marlborough" Vol II, p20.  
    http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63170610

Related Stories

Further Sources

Books

Newspapers

Websites

Maps

Unpublished sources (NPM= Nelson Provincial Museum; ATL = Alexander Turnbull Library; MM = Marlborough Museum)

  • Barnicoat, J.W. (1843) Journal qMS typescript [NPM] ; [ATL]: Manuscript copy.
  • Brunner, T (1848) Daily Journal. UMS Typescript [NPM]
  • Campbell, A. Daily Journal and sketchbook. UMS 37: CAM [NPM]
  • Eyles, J. Papers. [NPM]
  • Reay, CL Church Register of Population. MS Papers 1925:54/5 [ATL]
  • Tucket, F (27.4.1843) Diary, Hale Clearfile V9, 42d-f [MM]
  •  Simmonds, J. Narrative of events in the early history of Nelson, New Zealand. qMS: SIM [NPM]
  •  Stephens, S. Letters & Journals. [NPM] Bett qMS (4 vol typescript)
  •  Wakefield, A. (1841-42) Diary. qMS NZ Co. Papers. Bett Collection [NPM]
  •  Weld, F (n.d.) Diary and letter extracts. In Marlborough Express. Hale Clearfile vol 10: 129 [MM]